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New Netherland, or ''Nieuw-Nederland'' in Dutch, was the 17th century colony of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on the northeastern coast of North America. The claimed territory included southern Cape Cod to parts of the Delmarva Peninsula. Settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Its capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on Upper New York Bay. Explored in 1609 by Henry Hudson while sailing on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company, the region was later surveyed, charted and given its name in 1614. The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the ''Zuyd Rivier'' or "South River", the ''Noort Rivier'' or "North River", and the ''Versche Rivier'' or "Fresh River", and intended to use them to gain access to the interior, to the Native Americans and to the lucrative fur trade. International law required not only discovery and a charter, but also the founding of forts and villages to confirm a territorial claim. Large-scale settlements were rejected by the Dutch in favor of the ''factorijen'', a trading post with soldiers and a small group of settlers. During the first decade the New Netherland Company built Fort Nassau in Mahican/Mohawk territory on the North River. Among the places it is believed ''factorijen'' were set up are Schenectady, Schoharie, Esopus, Rodenbergh, Communipaw, Ninigret, and Manhattan. The Dutch West India Company (WIC) was granted a charter by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on June 3, 1621,〔http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westind.asp: Charter of the West India Company〕 forming a joint venture to exploit trade in New Netherland. The first settlers landed on Noten Island in 1624 and began the fortification and population of the colony. The names Fort Nassau and Fort Orange were used by the Dutch in the 17th century for several fortifications around the world in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau. New Sweden was first settled in 1637 on territory claimed by the Dutch Republic, which was unable to prevent the incursion and did not officially recognize the colony. It was brought under Dutch control in a military expedition led by Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant in 1655.〔(''State of Delaware (A Brief History)'' ). State of Delaware, 2007-01-21.〕 In that year the government enacted regulations requiring settlers throughout the province to construct stockades〔''Laws and Ordinances of New Netherland 1638-1674'', compiled and translated by E.B. Callaghan, 1868〕 to which they could withdraw if attacked, the most extensive being at Wiltwyck. ==Dutch forts== *Fort Nassau (1614), on the North River (at Albany, New York), lost to floods *Fort Orange (1624), Castle Island in the North River (at Albany, New York) *Fort Amsterdam (1625), the Manhattoes harbor at the mouth of the North River (at the site of Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House) *Fort Wilhelmus (1625), on the South River (at Burlington Island), soon abandoned〔Bert van Steeg,''Walen in de Wildernis'' (): Bij aankomst in de kolonie werden de kolonisten opgesplitst in vier groepen en werden er op een aantal plaatsen kleine vestigingen gesticht, vooral in de buurt van de al bestaande handelsposten. Een aantal families werden gevestigd aan de Delaware. Hier werd fort Wilhelmus gesticht. Twee families en zes mannen werden naar de Connecticut rivier gestuurd. Ook op Governors’ eiland werden een aantal kolonisten geplaatst om een fort te bouwen. Het grootste aantal kolonisten, onder wie Catalina Rapalje, werd echter net ten zuiden van het huidige Albany geplaatst. May liet hier een klein fort bouwen dat de naam Fort Orange kreeg. Hier verbleven ongeveer achttien families.() Brodhead, J.R., ''History of the state of New York'' (New York, 1871), pp.150-191.〕 *Fort Nassau (ca. 1627), near the South River (at Gloucester City, New Jersey), relocated 1651, becoming Fort Casimir *Fort Huis de Goede Hoop (1633), on the Park River near the Fresh River (at Hartford) *Fort Casimir (1651), on the South River (at New Castle, Delaware), briefly known as Fort Trefaldigheets (1654–1655) and later New Amstel *Fort Beversreede (1651), on the Schuylkill River (at Southwest Philadelphia) near the South River *Fort Altena (1655), the name given to Fort Christina (at Wilmington) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fortifications of New Netherland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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